Our study was approved by the institutional ethics committee and meets the ethical standards of the journal Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the validity and intra- and inter-device reliability of the Apple Watch HR sensor during walking, jogging, and running activities and during recovery from each of these activities. It is important to examine the validity and reliability of modern wearable devices because it is well established that a dose-response relationship exists between exercise intensity and health outcomes, which places emphasis on the accurate monitoring of exercise intensity. To our knowledge, no study has investigated the validity of the Apple Watch HR sensor during controlled walking, jogging and running, during recovery from controlled exercise, or the intra- and inter-device reliability. There was also no indication on which wrist the Apple Watch was worn. However, HR was taken only once manually at the end of each 3-min stage, which is a serious limitation and questions how well each data point represents the mean HR. The limits of agreement ranged from –27 to +29 beats.minĬompared to the ECG. There was a correlation of r=0.91 (95% CI: 0.88 to 0.93) between the Apple Watch and the ECG. , for 3 min at each stage while wearing two of four wrist-worn devices (Fitbit Charge HR, Apple Watch, Mio Alpha, and Basis Peak). Participants exercised on a motorised treadmill at 3.2 km.h Wang et al.Įxamined the validity of the Apple Watch HR compared to an ECG and a Polar chest strap in 50 males and females. However, HR was recorded manually and the process of how HR data were extracted is not clearly explained. These authors reported a mean (SD) difference of –1.3 (4.4) beats.minĪnd limits of agreement of –9.9 to 7.3 beats.minīetween the Apple Watch and an ECG. Recently examined the validity of the Apple Watch in 22 healthy males and females during a 1-h protocol of low exercise intensity, supine and seated rest, walking, and running on a treadmill and cycling on an ergometer. , there are very few studies that have examined its validity or reliability for measuring HR. Although the Apple Watch has become the world’s highest-selling smartwatch with almost 12 million in sales in 2016 The Apple Watch, commercially released in 2015, is one such device that uses PPG to measure HR. The PPG technique is a simple non-invasive optical method that detects beat-to-beat pulsatile changes in blood flow Recent advances in technology have led to the integration of photoplethysmography (PPG) into wrist-worn devices for the purpose of estimating HR. ![]() ![]() Surrogate measures including HR monitors that connect wirelessly to an in-situ chest strap have been successfully validated against 12-lead ECG devices for measuring HR and heart rate variability at rest and during exercise Although the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) may be the ‘gold standard’ for measuring HR, the ECG monitoring equipment may be impractical or unrealistic for use outside of laboratory settings. Some studies though have reported that cardiac drift over time will result in a fixed HR recovery overestimating the time required to recover fully between exercise bouts Similarly, heart rate recovery following acute maximal or sub-maximal exercise is a common method for characterising cardiorespiratory fitness and predicting mortality risk , although some studies suggest that the linear relationship between HR and oxygen consumption is sometimes altered The measurement of heart rate (HR) during acute exercise is one of the most common and pragmatic methods for estimating exercise intensity and prescribing exercise training thresholds The Apple Watch heart rate sensor has very good validity during walking but validity decreases with increasing intensity. Inter-device standardised typical errors were small to moderate with very good to nearly perfect intraclass correlations. ![]() Intra-device standardised typical errors decreased with intensity. The percentage of heart rates recorded reduced with increasing intensity but increased over time. There were good correlations following walking, but poor correlations following jogging and running. Standardised typical error of the estimate was small, moderate, and moderate to large. There were very good correlations with the criterion during walking (L: r=0.97 R: r=0.97), but good (L: r=0.93 R: r=0.92) and poor/good (L: r=0.81 R: r=0.86) correlations during jogging and running. At all exercise intensities the mean bias was trivial. , followed by 11 min of rest between bouts. Exercise involved 5-min bouts of walking, jogging, and running at speeds of 4 km.h Twenty-one males completed treadmill exercise while wearing two Apple Watches (left and right wrists) and a Polar S810i monitor (criterion). ![]() We examined the validity and reliability of the Apple Watch heart rate sensor during and in recovery from exercise.
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